High glycemic index diets increase the risk of age-related macular degeneration

A new study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition examined the association between dietary glycemic index and the 10 year incidence of AMD in the Blue Mountain Eye Study population.
This was a population-based study with 3,654 participants over 49 years of age. Volunteers were examined at the beginning (1992-1994); then were reexamined after 5 years and again after 10 years.
Over 10 years, 208 of the participants developed early AMD. After adjusting for age, smoking, other risk factors, and dietary constituents, a higher average dietary glycemic index was associated with an increased 10 year risk of early AMD. Conversely, a greater consumption of cereal fiber and breads and cereals (predominantly lower glycemic index foods such as oatmeal) was associated with a reduced risk of early AMD. No relation was observed with advanced AMD. The research suggests that a high-glycemic-index diet is a risk factor for early AMD, and low-glycemic-index foods such as oatmeal may protect against early AMD.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 4, 1104-1110, October 2008

Decreased antioxidant levels increase risk of age-related macular degeneration with exposure to sunlight

In a recent study (titled the European Eye Study), over 4,400 participants over age 65 were analyzed for the presence of macular degeneration. Their blood plasma was evaluated for vitamins C and E, the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, and the mineral zinc. Each individual also completed a questionnaire regarding their typical exposure to sunlight. This was used to estimate blue light exposure from visible light, which is known to contribute to the development of macular degeneration.
Early stage macular degeneration was detected in 2,182 participants, and 101 had the advanced form of the disease. The research found no association between blue light exposure and early macular degeneration. However, among participants in the lowest quartile (25 percent) of serum vitamin C, zeaxanthin, vitamin E and zinc, exposure to blue light significantly increased the risk of advanced macular degeneration.
Arch Ophthalmol 2008 Oct;126(10):1396-403

Lutein and zeaxanthin may improve visual performance and reduce the effects of glare

Healthy subjects with an average age of 23.9 were assigned to receive daily supplements of lutein (10 mg) and zeaxanthin (2 mg) for six months. The subjects' eyes were then tested for the effects of glare as experienced in everyday situations, including being outdoors on bright days, lengthy sessions of looking at a computer monitor, and nighttime exposure to oncoming headlights.
Following six months of supplementation, the participant's average macular pigment optical density (MPOD) increased significantly from the average value at the beginning of the study. MPOD is a measure of the eye's ability to filter short-wave light.
After testing the subjects for their performance in visual tasks following glare, researchers concluded that four to six months of supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin significantly reduced the detrimental effects of the exposure and improved visual performance.
Optom Vis Sci 2008 Feb;85(2):82-8

American Academy of Pediatrics increases vitamin D recommendations

The American Academy of Pediatrics issued a press release regarding a new clinical report titled "Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents." In this new report, the AAP has updated the amount of vitamin D they formally recommend for children from 200 IU per day to 400 IU per day.
"We are doubling the recommended amount of vitamin D children need each day because evidence has shown this could have life-long health benefits," said Frank Greer, MD, FAAP, chair of the AAP Committee on Nutrition and co-author of the report. "Supplementation is important because most children will not get enough vitamin D through diet alone."
This updated recommendation is largely based on data from clinical trials performed since 2003 (when the original recommendation of 200 IU per day was given). This new data has demonstrated not only a wide safety margin for vitamin D supplementation, but also a surprising occurrence of vitamin D deficiency, particularly in exclusively breastfed infants who are not supplemented with vitamin D.
"Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition for infants. However, because of vitamin D deficiencies in the maternal diet, which affect the vitamin D in a mother's milk, it is important that breastfed infants receive supplements of vitamin D," said Carol Wagner, MD, FAAP, member of the AAP Section on Breastfeeding Executive Committee and co-author of the report. "Until it is determined what the vitamin D requirements of the lactating mother-infant dyad are, we must ensure that the breastfeeding infant receives an adequate supply of vitamin D through a supplement of 400 IU per day."
Quotations taken from the formal AAP press release available at http://www.aap.org/pressroom/nce/nce08vitamind.htm To review the new clinical report in its entirety, please visit http://www.aap.org/new/VitaminDreport.pdf

Oily fish intake and dietary omega-3s may improve eye health

Fish intake, the major source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There are two types of AMD: wet and dry. Of these two types, wet AMD is the primary cause of vision loss.
In a study recently published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers recruited 105 people (age 65 and over) with wet AMD and 2170 healthy people to act as controls, then compared their dietary habits using questionnaires. The scientists then investigated the association of oily fish and dietary DHA and EPA with wet AMD.
Compared to people who consumed less than one portion of fish per week, participants who consumed at least one serving of oily fish per week had a 50 percent reduction in risk of developing wet AMD. In addition, people who got at least 300 mg per day of DHA and EPA were 68 and 71 percent less likely to have wet AMD than those with lower consumptions.
The results of this study support previous research indicating a protective benefit of omega-3s against the onset of AMD. The benefit may be due in part to their important role in the layer of nerve cells in the retina.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 2, 398-406, August 2008

Low vitamin D levels lead to poor physical performance in the elderly

In addition to its role in bone health, vitamin D is thought to play a role in musculoskeletal function. In a recent study, researchers examined the association between vitamin D status and physical performance in a sample of 976 persons over the age of 65. The physical performance of the subjects was analyzed using a short physical performance battery (SPPB) and handgrip strength. The SPPB tests included walking speed, ability to stand from a seated position, and ability to maintain balance in progressively more challenging positions. Over 28% of the women and 13% of the men had vitamin D levels low enough to be considered a deficiency. Nearly three-fourths of the women and over half of the men had vitamin D levels that were considered insufficient. Among subjects with low vitamin D levels, physical performance and grip strength were significantly lower than that of participants who did not have reduced levels. The finding remained valid after taking into consideration other factors (such as season of the year and physical activity levels). Given the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in older populations, additional studies examining the association between vitamin D status and physical function are needed. Current vitamin D recommendations are based on its role in bone health, although emerging research indicates vitamin D may also play important roles in preservation of muscle strength and physical function, as well as potential preventative roles in conditions such as cancer.
The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 62:440-446 (2007)

Flaxseed oil and fish oil raise omega-3 fatty acid levels in human blood cells

Recently reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers designed a clinical trial in which flax oil, fish oil, and sunflower oil (placebo group) capsules were given to 62 firefighters. The firefighters were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups receiving 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 grams of flax oil/day; 0.6 or 1.2 grams of fish oil/day; or 1 gram of sunflower oil/day for 12 weeks. Blood was drawn every 2 weeks, and the total phospholipid fatty acid composition of red blood cells was determined.

As anticipated, fish oil produced a rapid increase in DHA and total omega-3 fatty acids. The consumption of either 2.4 or 3.6 grams of flax oil/day was sufficient to significantly increase blood levels of ALA, EPA, and DPA (docosapentaenoic acid) fatty acid content.

The consumption of ALA-enriched supplements for 12 weeks was sufficient to elevate blood levels of EPA and docosapentaeoic acid content, which shows the effectiveness of ALA conversion and accumulation into red blood cells. The amounts of ALA required to obtain these effects are amounts that are easily achieved in the general population by dietary modification or by modest dosages of omega-3 rich foods such as flax oil. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 3, 801-809, September 2008

Fish oil lowers heart rate

Fish oil lowers heart rate A meta-analysis published in the journal Circulation further confirms the association between omega-3 fatty acids and heart health. Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health compiled statistical data from thirty studies published from 1996 to 2005. These studies involved nearly 1,700 individuals treated with fish oil or placebo for up to one year. The average combined dose of EPA and DHA was 3.5 grams/day for an average of 8 weeks.
The overall estimated change in heart rate of those treated with fish oil was 1.6 beats per minute. The reduction in heart rate was even greater in trials where the participants had higher baseline heart rates. In those studies, treatment with fish oil resulted in a decreased heart rate of 2.5 beats per minutes. There was no evidence of a dose-response effect, and heart rate was not significantly different between higher and lower doses compared with placebo.
Although the overall effect of fish oil on heart rate appears small, researchers estimate that on a population-wide basis this could correspond to as much as a 5% reduction in sudden death. Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005;112:1945-1952.

Higher vitamin E intake associated with lower lung cancer risk

A study published in the September 1, 2008, issue of the International Journal of Cancer evaluated the effect of alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols on lung cancer risk. Until recently, studies of vitamin E and cancer have focused on the alpha-tocopherol form of the vitamin. However, the lesser known fractions (in particular gamma-tocopherol) have increasingly been the subject of scientific research. In an ongoing study of 1,088 incident lung cancer cases and 1,414 healthy controls, researchers studied the associations between four tocopherols (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol) in the diet and lung cancer risk. Higher intakes of alpha, beta and gamma-tocopherols were found to be associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer. When groups with the highest and lowest alpha-tocopherol levels were compared, those with intakes in the highest 25 percent showed a 61 percent reduction in lung cancer risk. For both beta-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol, subjects whose intake was highest experienced a 44 percent lower risk compared to the lowest intake groups. No significant association was observed between delta-tocopherol and lung cancer risk. Since this is the first report of the independent associations of the four forms of dietary tocopherols (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol) on lung cancer risk, the researchers suggest further research concerning the various forms of vitamin E and cancer risk.
Int J Cancer 2008 Sep 1;123(5):1173-80.

Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy influences childhood bone mass

Vitamin D status is often poor in women of childbearing age, and evidence suggests that the risk of bone fracture (due to osteoporosis) in adulthood could be determined partly by environmental factors during pregnancy and early childhood. A recent study investigated the effect of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy on childhood skeletal growth. In a longitudinal study, researchers studied 198 children born in 1991 and 1992. Body build, nutrition, and vitamin D status of the mothers were examined during pregnancy, and the children were examined at age 9 to correlate the original maternal characteristics to their current body size and bone mass. Forty-nine (31%) mothers had insufficient vitamin D levels, while another 28 (18%) had deficient levels during late pregnancy. Inadequate vitamin D in mothers during late pregnancy was associated with reduced whole-body and lumbar spine bone mineral content in children at age 9. Maternal vitamin D insufficiency is common during pregnancy and now looks to be associated with reduced bone-mineral accumulation in offspring during childhood. Vitamin D supplementation of pregnant women, especially during winter months, could lead to improved bone health and a long-term reduction in the risk of osteoporosis in their children.
Lancet 2006 Jan 7;367(9504):36-43

Fish oil intake during pregnancy may be associated with lower asthma incidence during childhood

Current evidence suggests that asthma development may be associated with maternal intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy. A recent study was conducted to examine whether an increase in omega-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy could affect risk of asthma in their offspring. A population-based sample of 533 women with normal pregnancies were randomly assigned 2:1:1 to receive either four one-gram fish oil capsules/day providing 2.7 grams of omega-3 fatty acids, four similar looking one-gram capsules/day with just olive oil, or no capsules at all. During the 16 years that passed since childbirth, the rate of asthma incidence was reduced by 63% and the rate of allergic asthma was reduced by 87% in the fish oil group as compared to the olive oil group. Assuming that the intake of olive oil had no significant influence one way or another, these results support the theory that increased fish oil omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in late pregnancy may provide important preventive potential in relation to childhood asthma development. Additional studies on this subject are currently in progress, which should shed more light on the mechanism behind this promising discovery.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 1, 167-175, July 2008

Prenatal zinc supplementation influences lean tissue growth in infants

It has been suggested that maternal zinc intake influences growth in utero and in the first stages of growth after birth. In a recent study, researchers assessed the effect of maternal zinc supplementation during pregnancy as well as its effects on infant growth during the first twelve months. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of prenatal zinc supplementation was conducted among women in Lima, Peru between 1995 and 1997. Women enrolled during the second trimester and were assigned to receive daily supplements with zinc (15 mg zinc + 60 mg iron + 250 mcg folic acid) or without zinc (just 60 mg iron + 250 mcg folic acid) through pregnancy to one month after delivery. At birth, 546 infants were followed for 12 months to assess growth. Measurements were collected monthly while health status and dietary intake were monitored weekly. Infants born to mothers supplemented with zinc had significantly larger average growth measures beginning at 4 months and continuing through month 12. Prenatal zinc was associated with greater weight, calf circumference, chest circumference, and calf muscle area. In this population of women, zinc supplementation during pregnancy resulted in children with better growth measures (which were in turn associated with healthy increases in lean tissue mass).
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 1, 154-160, July 2008

Vitamin D insufficiency common among breast cancer survivors

Vitamin D influences pathways related to cancer development, but little is currently known about vitamin D status in breast cancer survivors. Recent data taken from the Health, Eating, Activity and Lifestyle (HEAL) study showed a correlation between vitamin D status and breast cancer survivors. Vitamin D concentrations from 790 female breast cancer survivors were obtained and vitamin D insufficiency was found in 597 individuals - or 75% of participants. Average vitamin D concentrations were even lower among African American and Hispanic women. Controlling for various factors such as body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, geography, season, physical activity, diet, and cancer treatments showed that stage of disease independently predicted vitamin D levels. In this group of breast cancer survivors the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was abnormally high. Based on these results, health professionals and clinicians should consider monitoring vitamin D status in breast cancer patients in addition to administering appropriate cancer treatments. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 1, 133-139, July 2008

Higher antioxidant intakes reduce risk of lung cancer in male smokers

In some observational studies, a high intake of individual antioxidants was related to increased lung cancer risk in male smokers. However, data from many experiments suggest that there are interactions among antioxidant nutrients; therefore, consideration of multiple antioxidants simultaneously may be important in terms of assessing risk. Yale University researchers evaluated dietary records of participants in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC), a group of over 27,000 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years. Based on food records, intakes of carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamin E, selenium, and vitamin C were analyzed. After evaluating the overall intake of antioxidants in this group, the conclusion differs somewhat from the original study. According to this new analysis, men with higher overall intakes of antioxidants had lower relative risks of lung cancer regardless of their assigned study group (beta-carotene or placebo). While researchers of the ATBC study concluded that high-dose beta-carotene supplementation may increase lung cancer risk in male smokers, these findings support the hypothesis that a combination of dietary antioxidants reduces lung cancer risk in men who smoke.
Am J Epidemiol 2004 Jul 1;160(1):68-76

ANTIOXIDANTS TUTORIAL, PART 4: Safety of antioxidants

Nutritional supplements have been used and valued by American consumers ever since vitamins were first discovered and commercialized, beginning largely in the early decades of the 20th century. Multivitamin/mineral supplements are an effective means of delivering adequate amounts of essential nutrients to help people achieve their recommended intakes. The great majority of dietary supplements, including multivitamins, are safe for regular use. Despite widespread usage, there have been no specific published reports of toxicity or adverse effects associated with the proper use of multivitamins. A series of well-publicized clinical trials utilizing relatively high doses of single nutrients or combinations of nutrients (such as vitamin E and/or beta-carotene) in diseased patients have yielded disappointing results, and even suggested the presence of harm. However, those trials were conducted in patients with serious illnesses (such as cancer or cardiovascular disease), who were on multiple medications, or who were smokers. The results of these trials should be placed in their proper context, including the fact that they are not applicable to the generally healthy population. Advanced levels of antioxidants are a common thread among nearly every population found to be less prone to chronic degenerative disease. As an example, the Japanese - often cited as an example of longevity - have high levels of fruit, vegetables, green tea and soy as part of their traditional diet. Vegetarians have lower levels of heart disease and cancer when compared to the typical mixed diet, in part due to their generally higher intake of antioxidants. While high levels of single nutrients and foods may pose a risk of danger and toxicity, there is no known unsafe level of total antioxidants. As far as we can tell, as long as they are varied and balanced, the more antioxidants the better.
Submitted by USANA

ANTIOXIDANTS TUTORIAL, PART 3: Sources and dietary intakes

Antioxidants can be vitamins, minerals, enzymes, or plant-derived nutrients called phytonutrients. The major vitamin antioxidants are vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene, while selenium is the major mineral antioxidant. Unfortunately, many researchers and nutritionists discuss and report on these as if they are the only sources of antioxidants. However, a thorough examination of antioxidants and their importance to human health must include a much larger list of compounds potentially present in a healthy, varied diet. The following list is an example of the wide variety of phytonutrient antioxidants present in a healthy diet:

Phytochemical /Food source
Allyl Sulfides: Onions, garlic, leeks, chives
Carotenoids (e.g. lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin): Tomatoes, carrots, watermelon, kale, spinach
Curcumin: Turmeric
Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanadins, resveratrol, quercitin,): Grapes, blueberries, strawberries,
cherries, apples, grapefruit, cranberries, raspberries, blackberries

Glutathione: Green leafy vegetables
Indoles: Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bok choy
Isoflavones: Legumes (peas, soybeans)

Isothiocyanates (e.g. sulforaphane): Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bok choy
Lignans: Seeds (flax seeds, sunflower seeds)
Monoterpenes: Citrus fruit peels, cherries, nuts
Phytic Acid: Whole grains, legumes
Phenols, polyphenols, phenolic compounds (e.g. ellagic acid, ferrulic acid, tannins): Grapes, blueberries, strawberries, cherries, grapefruit, cranberries, raspberries, blackberries, tea
Saponins: Beans, legumes

The recommendation from the National Cancer Institute, the U.S.D.A., and nutrition experts is to eat a minimum of 5-13 servings of fruits and vegetables per day depending on your individual caloric needs. Based on these recommendations, a typical varied diet would provide approximately 200-600 mg of vitamin C and 10-20 mg (16,000-32,000 IU) of carotenoids. Additionally, polyphenols " the most abundant antioxidant in the diet " could have a daily dietary intake as high as 1 gram/day in a mixed, varied diet of fruits, vegetables, grains, and beverages. Possible intakes of other phytonutrient antioxidants could include:
Anthocyandins:1,500 mg in two oz. of black grapes
Proanthocyanidins: 100-300 mg/day from red wine
Catechins: 50 mg/day from tea (one cup brewed green tea " 240-320 mg catechins), chocolate, apples, pears, grapes, red wine
Isoflavones: 50 mg/day from soy foods
Chlorogenic acid: as high as 800 mg/day in coffee drinkers.Although it may seem reasonable that a consistently healthy and varied diet could provide high doses of antioxidants, the average American gets a total of just three servings of fruits and vegetables each day. As previously mentioned, dietary guidelines call for five to thirteen servings. For a person who needs 2,000 calories a day, this translates into a recommendation of nine servings, or 4½ cups of fruits and vegetables each day.


The 2001-2002 NHANES survey of dietary intakes shows that 93% of Americans fail to get even the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin E, let alone the RDA. More than half of adults fail to get even the average requirement for vitamin A. About one-third of non-smokers and two-thirds of smokers fall short on minimum vitamin C requirements. Obviously, since the average intake of 3 servings or less of fruits and vegetables fails to provide minimum levels of even basic vitamins, intakes of numerous other antioxidants are sure to be well under optimal and beneficial levels. It is well-established that a good multivitamin can fill gaps in vitamin and mineral requirements unmet by a poor diet, but broad-spectrum supplemental availability of antioxidants has lagged. Although there is much to be learned about the individual characteristics of the hundreds of potential dietary antioxidants, it seems reasonable that providing supplements of various antioxidant classes may also fill nutritional gaps and provide health benefits potentially missing from the typical western diet.

USANA’s BiOmega™ Fish Oil Supplement Approved by ConsumerLab.com

SALT LAKE CITY—(BUSINESS WIRE)—June 18, 2008—June 17, 2008—USANA Health Sciences, Inc.
(NASDAQ: USNA), today announced that its BiOmega™ fish oil supplement was evaluated and approved byConsumerLab.com, LLC. A leading provider of independent product test results and information, ConsumerLab.com helps consumers and healthcare professionals evaluate health and wellness products.
ConsumerLab.com reviewed BiOmega as part of a larger evaluation of dietary supplements sold in the United States that claim to contain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). Products were tested for their omega-3 levels; mercury, lead and PCB contamination; and signs of decomposition. BiOmega received an approved rating in all three testing categories. The review can be found on the company’s Web site at www.consumerlab.com.President Dave Wentz commented on Mr. Fuller’s win saying, “Gil has truly been an asset to USANA over the past 12 years. He has been instrumental in the growth of our company and I’m excited to see him receive thisprestigious recognition. It is well deserved.”
ConsumberLab.com stated in its product review that the quality of fish oil and other omega-3 supplements is animportant issue because supplement levels vary depending on the source and method of processing. Fish alsocan have accumulated toxins that could potentially contaminate a supplement. USANA uses a double molecular distillation process to manufacture its BiOmega supplement, ensuring the highest possible purity from mercury, PCBs, pesticides and other heavy metals.
“We are happy to see the results from the ConsumerLab.com trial, but we are not surprised,” said Dr. Tim Wood, USANA executive vice president of research and development. “These results confirm our extensive in-house testing. USANA is committed to only the highest quality manufacturing and analytical testing systems and practices. We are very pleased to receive independent confirmation of the quality and purity of BiOmega from this test.”
For more information about USANA’s high-quality products, visit www.usana.com.
About USANA USANA Health Sciences develops and manufactures high-quality nutritional, personal-care and weight-management products that are sold directly to Preferred Customers and Associates throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
USANA Health Sciences3838 West Parkway Boulevard, Salt Lake City, UT 84120

ANTIOXIDANTS TUTORIAL, PART 2: Health benefits of antioxidants

There are many known health benefits of antioxidant intake. Some scientific examples include the following:
Cancer
People with high beta-carotene intakes have about one-third the cancer risk as people with low beta-carotene intakes. (Peto R. Cancer Surveys 1983;2:327-340.)
People with higher intakes of vitamin C have about half the risk for many types of cancer when compared to people with low vitamin C intakes. (Block G. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:270S-282S.)
People with low intakes of several antioxidants have more DNA damage than people with generous intakes. (Ames BN. Metat Res 2001;475:7-20.)
People with the highest intakes of vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene have a significantly lower risk of lung cancer. (Yong LC et al. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:231-43.)
Men who took vitamin E supplements for 10 years or more had a 30% lower risk of bladder cancer. (Michaud DS et al. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:1145-53.)
There are over 66 studies showing cancer-prevention activity of green tea, black tea, and their constituents. These include cancer reduction in the skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, bladder, small intestine, colon and prostate. (Lambert JD et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:284S-291S.)Heart Disease
Elderly people who took both vitamin C and vitamin E supplements had a decreased risk of death from heart disease as well as overall mortality. (Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:190-196.)
Men who took vitamin supplements had a 70% lower risk of dying from heart disease and a 50% lower risk of heart attack. (Meyer F, Bairati I, Dagenasis GR. Can J Cardiol 1996;12:930-934.)
In the Nurses' Health Study involving over 87,000 women, there was a 41% reduction in risk of heart disease for those who took vitamin E for more than two years. (Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, et al. New Engl J Med 1993;328:1444-1449.)
In the Nurses' Health Study, vitamin C supplements were also related to a lower risk of heart disease. (Osganian SK et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:246-52.)
In the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study involving almost 40,000 men, there was a 37% reduction in risk of heart disease in men who took vitamin E for more than two years. The average intake in the lowest risk group was 400 IU per day. (Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. Ascherio A, et al. New Engl J Med 1993;328:1450-1456.)
To date, 17 human group studies have been published on flavonoid intake and the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Positive studies have shown reduction in mortality risk of up to 65%. (Arts ICW and Hollman PCH. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:317S-325S.)
The largest and longest study to date, done as part of the Harvard-based Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, included almost 110,000 men and women whose health and dietary habits were followed for 14 years. The higher the average daily intake of fruits and vegetables, the lower the chances of developing cardiovascular disease. Compared with those in the lowest category of fruit and vegetable intake (less than 1.5 servings a day), those who averaged 8 or more servings a day were 30% less likely to have had a heart attack or stroke. (Joshipura KJ, et al. Ann Intern Med 2001 Jun 19;134(12):1106-14.)Other Chronic diseases
Several long-term studies have shown a reduced risk of cataracts in those who have taken vitamin C and/or vitamin E supplements for more than 10 years. (Jacques PF et al. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1009-19.)
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) at NIH found that daily supplementation with antioxidants, zinc, and copper delayed progression of age-related macular degeneration. (AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417-36.)
Research has shown a significant relationship between flavonoid intakes and the occurrence of asthma. (Knekt P et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:560-8.)
Other research suggests antioxidants may help support lung function and protect the lungs from oxidative damage. (Schunemann HJ et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1246-55.)
In a study on Alzheimer's disease, high levels of vitamin E delayed progression of the disease. (Sano M et al. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216-22.)
Source: USANA Health Sciences

ANTIOXIDANTS TUTORIAL, PART 1: What are antioxidants?

Free radicals (pro-oxidants) are atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons. These highly reactive substances can be formed in a number of ways, and once formed they may use their reactivity to damage important cellular components - such as the cell membrane - or macromolecules like DNA. This damage can lead to mutation, impaired function, and even cell death. To minimize potential damage from free radicals, the body utilizes a defense system of antioxidants.
Antioxidants are molecules that can safely interact with free radicals and terminate their reactivity before vital cellular components are damaged. Although there are several enzyme systems within the body that scavenge free radicals, the principle micronutrient (vitamin/mineral) antioxidants are vitamin E, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and selenium. The body cannot manufacture these micronutrients, so they must be acquired by diet. In addition, there are many plant-derived nutrients (phytonutrients) that can act as powerful antioxidants in the human body.
It is impossible to completely avoid damage from free radicals. Free radicals arise from sources both inside (endogenous) and outside (exogenous) our bodies. Oxidants that develop from processes within our bodies form as a result of normal breathing, metabolism, and inflammation. Exogenous free radicals form from environmental factors such as pollution, sunlight, strenuous exercise, smoking, and alcohol. Unfortunately, no antioxidant system is perfect, so cells and DNA damaged by oxidation accumulate as we age.
Source: USANA Health Sciences

Calcium and vitamin D supplements enhance health benefits of weight loss

In a recent study, women with low calcium intake were given either a calcium + vitamin D supplement or placebo in conjunction with a 15-week weight-loss program. Those who received the calcium + vitamin D supplement had a greater tendency for beneficial changes in LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels.
Research has demonstrated that overweight individuals with low calcium and dairy intakes have an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Naturally, this suggests that adequate calcium intake could create a healthier metabolic profile " one more similar to a balanced diet and regular exercise.
In a recent study, researchers explored this possibility by testing cardiovascular health indicators after long-term calcium supplementation in women with usual low calcium intake. Healthy overweight or obese women with a daily calcium intake of less than 800 mg per day were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: group A received two tablets/day of a calcium + vitamin D supplement (600 mg elemental calcium and 200 IU vitamin D/tablet), while group B received a placebo. Both groups completed a 15-week reduced calorie weight-loss program. Significant decreases in LDL cholesterol levels, as well as improvements in the ratios of total to LDL and LDL to HDL cholesterol were seen the calcium + vitamin D group. These changes were independent of changes due to fat loss and reduced waist circumference. Tendencies for more beneficial changes in HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were also observed in the calcium + vitamin D group.
This study demonstrates that adequate consumption of calcium and vitamin D during weight loss enhances other beneficial effects of body weight loss on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight women with previously low calcium intake.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 85, No. 1, 54-59, January 2007

Inadequate vitamin levels may result in poor athletic performance

Athletes and active individuals with low B-vitamin intakes may perform worse in high-intensity exercise and have a decreased ability to build and repair muscle. Active individuals, especially those with poor or limited diets, should consider using a multivitamin supplement. Athletes deficient in B-vitamins may perform worse during high-intensity exercise and have less ability to repair and build muscle than individuals with nutrient-rich diets. B vitamins, including thiamin, riboflavin, B6, B12, and folate, are required by the body for proper conversion of proteins and sugars into energy. B vitamins are also utilized during the production and repair of cells, including red blood cells. In a recent study, researchers analyzed both diet and athletic performance of several elite and collegiate athletes, as well as those of less competitive individuals. Even a marginal deficiency in these nutrients negatively influenced the ability of the athletes' bodies to repair, operate efficiently, and fight disease. Exercise-induced stress, changes in body tissues resulting from training, increased loss of nutrients (in sweat, urine, and feces), and the additional nutrients needed to repair and maintain higher levels of lean tissue mass may all affect an individual's B-vitamin requirements. The researchers noted that current national B-vitamin recommendations for active individuals may be inadequate, and chronic deficiencies could jeopardize athlete's abilities and long-term health. Athletes, as well as individuals with poor and restricted diets, should consider a multivitamin supplement to ensure B-vitamin adequacy. Kathleen Woolf; Melinda M. Manore. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2006 16:453-484.

Mercury in Dental Fillings Harmful

Last night we saw Dr. Wentz and Dave Wentz on the Healthy Home Book Tour in Long Beach. They discussed several points that are mentioned in the book. At one point they made a demonstration showing mercury in fillings. Just the simple action of brushing your teeth can release mercury to where it reads at a toxic level.
Hearing that I looked through some old Blog posts and the information below was provided by Dr. Wentz back in 2008. Now is a good time to revisit what Dr. Wentz said again.


by Dr. Myron Wentz.

The use of mercury amalgams in dental fillings continues, despite a steady decline due to public awareness. After years of negotiations and stalling, the FDA has now been forced to agree that mercury amalgams should not be used in pregnant women and children. It’s an important step toward eliminating mercury use from all medical practice.
The FDA admits mercury fillings are harmfulThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has finally admitted that mercury from amalgam dental fillings may be toxic to children and developing fetuses. The admission came as the FDA settled a lawsuit filed by Moms Against Mercury and others concerned about mercury exposure.Anyone who knows me even casually has to be aware that the banishment of mercury amalgams in dental fillings has been one of my passions for many years. Mercury is a poison, and it has no place in the mouths of humans (or animals, for that matter). Yet the professional dental community and government health authorities have steadfastly denied that any harm is done by using mercury in dental fillings, despite a wealth of evidence to the contrary, as I made clear in my book A Mouth Full of Poison. As part of the court settlement, the FDA agreed to alert consumers about the potential health risks on their Web site. The decision by the court also begins a comment period on the safety of mercury amalgams that ends in a year. The FDA must reconsider its proposed classification of mercury amalgam as a Class II device, the same category of safety as wheelchairs, requiring only a simple warning. The American Dental Association and amalgam manufacturers don’t want mercury amalgam to be placed in Class III, because that would mean they have to prove that it is safe to use. They can’t do that, and they know it. They know that the medical evidence continues to mount that mercury amalgam damages human cells and contributes to a long litany of illnesses, especially neurological disorders. I believe this court ruling is a necessary first step in completely banning the use of mercury for all medical and dental procedures.If you want your opinion to be considered for the final FDA ruling on mercury amalgams, you can use this link to obtain instructions on how to submit your comments: http://www.iaomt.org/news/archive.asp?intReleaseID=267
A Mouth Full of Poison is available through UNI ProTools. Sources:http://www.toxicteeth.org/Brief-MAM-FDA.pdfhttp://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=90055http://www.bolenreport.net/feature_articles/feature_article053.htm

Calcium, Vitamin D and Cancer Risk

In a study conducted in 2007, researchers found that women taking a combination of calcium and vitamin D supplements had a 60 percent lower incidence of all cancers than women not taking the tested supplement. Research in the June 2007 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition has shown a reduction in cancer rates among postmenopausal women taking vitamin D combined with calcium. This four-year, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled study involved over 1,100 postmenopausal women who were divided into three treatment groups. The first group received a supplement containing calcium and vitamin D, the second group received just calcium, and the third group received a placebo. The researchers found that the women taking the calcium and vitamin D supplement had a 60 percent lower incidence of all cancers than women not taking the supplement. This new study takes an important step in extending several decades of research involving the role of vitamin D in health and disease. The results further strengthen the case made by many specialists that vitamin D may be a powerful cancer preventive and that it is commonly found lacking in the general population, particularly the elderly.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007 June;85(6):1586-91.

USANA Honored With Best of State Statue and Two Medals

SALT LAKE CITY—June 2, 2008—USANA Health Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ: USNA), was recognized Saturday at the Best of State Awards ceremony with medals for the best dietary supplements and best personal-care products in Utah. USANA also received the prestigious Best of State statue in its overall category of merchandising and consumer services.
The 2008 Best of State Awards marks the fifth year that USANA has won a Best of State medal for its science-
based nutritional products and the second year it has won for its Sensé™ skin-care line. USANA was one of only 10 organizations or individuals to receive a Best of State statue. It was selected from the largest category, which included medal winners in everything from health products to home decor.
“We are grateful to be recognized once again as a leader within the nutritional supplement and skin-care industries. And, it was especially exciting this year to win the Best of State Statue for the broader merchandising and consumer services category,” said USANA President Dave Wentz. “Independent recognition like the Best of State Awards means a lot to our dedicated corporate staff as well as our thousands of independent distributors worldwide.”
The Best of State Awards were created in 2003 to recognize outstanding individuals, organizations and businesses in Utah. Best of State candidates are evaluated by a panel of 100 judges based on three criteria:
achievement in the field of endeavor; innovation or creativity in approaches, techniques, methods or processes;and contribution to improving the quality of life in Utah.
For more information about USANA’s high-quality products, visit www.usana.com.
About USANA
USANA Health Sciences develops and manufactures high-quality nutritional, personal-care and weight
management products that are sold directly to Preferred Customers and Associates throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
USANA Health Sciences3838 West Parkway Boulevard, Salt Lake City, UT 84120

Macular degeneration risk is reduced in adults with high intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of vision loss in developed countries. This degenerative eye disease causes damage to the macula (central retina) of the eye, impairing central vision. People affected by Age-Related Macular Degeneration have difficulty reading, driving and performing activities that require clear central vision. A report published in the journal Archives of Ophthalmology adds more evidence to support previous research showing that the carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein are protective against AMD. Dark green leafy vegetables are the primary dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin, but they are also found in some other colorful fruits and vegetables. Average dietary intake in the U.S. is only 2 mg/day, far below the 6 mg/day level most studies indicate as a minimum needed to reduce the risk of AMD.
In the current report, members of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) Research Group evaluated the diets of 4,519 AREDS participants aged 60 to 80 years. Retinal photographs were used to divide the subjects into five categories of macular disease severity, from individuals with little or no evidence of macular degeneration (the control group) to severe, neovascular disease. Dietary questionnaires were analyzed for lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-carotene, lycopene, and other nutrient levels. Participants whose intake of lutein and zeaxanthin were greatest had a significantly lower risk of AMD than those whose intake was least, and were less likely to have large or extensive intermediate drusen, the deposits on the retina or optic nerve that characterize the disease. No risk reductions were associated with the other nutrients examined in this study. The Relationship of Dietary Carotenoid and Vitamin A, E, and C Intake With Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Case-Control Study: AREDS Report No. 22 Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:1225-1232.

Low levels of vitamin D are common among healthy children

Vitamin D is essential for normal growth and development in children, yet many children who are otherwise healthy may have inadequate blood levels of vitamin D. A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may lead to muscle weakness, defective bone mineralization, and rickets.

A study recently published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that many children may be at risk for a vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is essential for normal growth, development, and immune function. Researchers from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia assessed dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake, body mass, and blood levels of vitamin D in 382 healthy children (ages 6 to 21) living in the northeastern U.S. More than half of the children had low blood levels of vitamin D, with 55 percent having inadequate vitamin D blood levels and 68 percent having low blood levels of vitamin D in the wintertime. African Americans, children 9 and older, and those with low dietary vitamin D intake were most likely to have reduced serum vitamin D levels. "The best indicator of a person's vitamin D status is the blood level of a vitamin D compound called 25-hydroxyvitamin D," the lead investigator noted. "Vitamin D deficiency remains an under-recognized problem overall, and is not well studied in children." The researchers added that further study is needed to determine appropriate blood levels of vitamin D in children, and also suggested a review of the current recommendations for vitamin D intake.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. July 2007. 86(1):150-8.

A Mini-Guide to Plastic Bottles

Plastics have become such a pervasive part of our daily lives that it can be difficult to do without them, even when we are concerned about their safety. But most of the plastic bottles and containers we use carry a recycling symbol that can be a help in deciding how to use them.You’ve been hearing all kinds of bad news reports about toxic chemicals leaching from plastic bottles and containers. If you heat these bottles or re-use them, you might be increasing your exposure to hormone mimics or any of a number of other chemicals.But plastic is all around us, and not all of it is hazardous to your family’s health. How do you know which types of plastics are worse, and which are not as bad? One clue is the number inside the recycling symbol on the bottom of the bottles or containers. The numbers indicate which are accepted by recyclers, but they also indicate the class of plastic and its chemical characteristics:
No. 1 PETE or PET (polyethylene terephthalate)
No. 2 HDPE (high density polyethylene)
No. 3. V (vinyl) or PVC
No. 4. LDPE (low density polyethylene)
No. 5. PP (polypropylene)
No. 6. PS (polystyrene)
No. 7. Other or miscellanous

To sum up, if the bottle has the number 1, 2, 4, or 5 on the bottom, it’s made from one of the safer plastics. If the number says 3, 6, or 7, there is a greater likelihood that the bottle will be leaving a chemical residue in your beverage. Category No. 3, PVC or polyvinyl chloride, is the worst, followed by No. 7, which may contain polycarbonates (bisphenol-A).Another rule of thumb is that the softer the plastic the more likely that leaching can occur. You can also use your nose. If you sniff a hint of plastic, find another container. Of course, your best bet is to avoid plastics for food and beverage altogether, and use glass, metal, or ceramic refillable containers whenever possible.
Children’s Health Environmental Coalition

The Green Guide

Vitamin D reduces the risk of certain cancers

A study published in the American Journal of Public Health explains that vitamin D deficiency may account for several thousand premature deaths annually.
The researchers reviewed 63 studies (from 1966 to 2004) that examined the worldwide relationship between vitamin D and certain types of cancer. The majority of studies found a protective relationship between sufficient vitamin D status and lower risk of cancer, especially in cancers of the colon, breast, prostate, and ovary. Vitamin D is acquired through either the diet or exposure to sunlight. Food sources include milk, yogurt, cheese, and fortified orange juice. A typical serving provides approximately 100 international units (IU). Researchers suggested that people might want to consider a vitamin supplement to raise their overall intake to 1,000 IUs per day. Supplementing with additional vitamin D could be especially important for people living in northern areas, where shorter days and longer nights result in less vitamin D from sunlight. The evidence suggests that improving vitamin D status through diet and supplements could reduce cancer incidence and mortality with few or no adverse effects and very low cost. American Journal of Public Health. Feb 2006. 96(2):252-61. Additional recently published studies show vitamin D exerts anti-cancer benefits for both men and women in regards to breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. Sep 2007. 18(7):775-82. Epub 2007 Jun 5.
Protective role of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 against oxidative stress in nonmalignant human prostate epithelial cells International Journal of Cancer. Jun 2008. 122(12):2699-706. Vitamin D receptor expression in normal, premalignant, and malignant human lung tissue Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. May 2008. 17(5):1104-10.

Use Caution With Baby Rice

As if young mothers didn’t have enough to be concerned about. A new study has shown that baby rice can be contaminated by arsenic, a known carcinogen. A third of commercial brands tested higher for arsenic than is allowed in public drinking water supplies. More study is needed to determine the health threat, but there are precautions that mothers can take now. Weaning Your Baby From Breast Milk or Formula to . . . Arsenic?A leading environmental chemist has recently published a study indicating that baby rice—a precooked, dried, and milled rice product that is a staple for weaning infants—may contain unsafe levels of arsenic. Dr. Andrew Meharg found high levels of arsenic in more than a third of commercial rice milk brands available in the United Kingdom. A child eating three servings a day of the rice with the highest levels would consume up to six times the maximum safe level of inorganic arsenic in drinking water under EU regulations. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking water causes cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder, and kidney. Increased risk of lung and bladder cancer has been observed at drinking-water concentrations of less than 0.05 mg/L. That’s why arsenic contamination of water supplies is closely regulated. Now some scientists and authorities are recommending arsenic testing for foods as well. Food products are not required to be tested for arsenic in the United States or the EU.For now, not all authorities agree that these findings constitute a health hazard, but parents can take steps to ensure the safety of their young children until the issue is settled. Shopping for organically grown rice, which contains much less arsenic than rice grown by conventional methods, can help to reduce exposure. Oatmeal is another popular food for weaning infants. You can also vary your infant’s diet by alternating rice or oatmeal with purees of fruits and vegetables. Starting your baby on fruits and vegetables provides her with a wide variety of important natural nutrients early in life. Meharg, AA, et al. Inorganic arsenic levels in rice milk exceed EU and US drinking water standards. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 10:428-31. 2008.Williams, PN, et al. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure. Environmental Science & Technology. 41:2178-2183. 2007.World Health Organization. Arsenic in drinking water http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs210/en/index.html (Accessed 05/05/08)
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Fluoride Could Affect Child’s Development

The tap water of 66 percent of the population of the United States and Australia, 40 percent of the population in Canada, and 10 percent of the population of the United Kingdom is treated with compounds of fluoride with the intended purpose of reducing tooth decay. Only 2 percent of the population in Mexico receives fluoridated water, but table salt in Mexico is treated with compounds of fluoride with the intended purpose of reducing tooth decay. However, intake of excessive amounts of fluoride can have negative effects on bone and teeth. According to recent studies of populations in China, exposure to high levels of fluoride may also alter brain development. Young children are the most vulnerable to the neurodevelopmental effects of excessive fluoride.

Fluoride in water associated with low IQ scores in children

The results from a 2007 study in China’s Shanxi province show that excess fluoride exposure can result in lower scores in intelligence tests. A total of 524 children were examined for intellectual functioning and growth. One group of children were exposed to naturally occurring high concentrations of fluoride in well water while a control group of children were from nearby villages with low concentrations of fluoride in well water. In the group drinking high fluoride well water there were lower overall IQ scores, a greater number of lower scores, and fewer high scores. The test result differences were enough to negatively affect a child’s ability to perform in school. This report corroborates the results of a 2003 study performed in Jiangsu province warning that drinking water with fluoride levels greater than 1.0 mg/L may adversely affect the development of childen’s intelligence.

The levels of fluoride in well water in this study are likely well above concentrations in U.S. drinking water supplies. However, at this time the total intake of fluoride by the average child—from drinking water, soft drinks, bottled water, toothpaste, mouth rinses—is unknown. Additional studies are needed to measure overall fluoride exposure in children to prevent potential neurodevelopmental deficits, as well as fluorosis, an abnormal condition caused by excessive intake of fluorides, characterized in children by discoloration and pitting of the teeth and in adults by pathological bone changes.


Wang, SX, et al. Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water: Children’s IQ and Growth in Shanyin County, Shanxi Province, China. Environmental Health Perspectives. 115(4):643-7.2007.

Xiang, Q, et al. Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence. Fluoride 36(2):84-94. 2003.

Supplemental lutein and DHA may help prevent macular degeneration

Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is a measure of retinal concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin, two antioxidants acquired from the diet. Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid found in the retina of the eye. New research shows that supplementing with lutein and DHA may help reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by increasing MPOD.
In a study recently conducted at Tufts University in Boston, researchers randomly assigned 49 women (between 60 and 80 years old) to one of four groups: placebo, DHA (800 mg/d), lutein (12 mg/d), or a combination lutein + DHA supplement. The objective of this four month study was to determine the effects of lutein and DHA on the women's serum concentrations and macular pigment optical density (MPOD).

In all supplement groups, blood nutrient levels were higher at two and four months than at the beginning of the study. DHA supplementation resulted in central increases of macular pigment density, while lutein was associated with eccentric, or away from the center, increases.

Supplementing lutein and DHA may help reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration by increasing MPOD, helping protect the macula from oxidative damage, and increasing lutein transport into the macula.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 87, No. 5, 1521-1529, May 2008

Keep Your Baby Safe from Toxins in Baby Bottles

We are constantly being exposed to numerous toxic compounds from air, water and consumer products. Young children are especially vulnerable to toxins because they have immature organ systems, high metabolic rates and are going through rapid physical development. A recent study shows that infants in the U.S. may be exposed to toxic chemicals even from their baby bottles.

Toxic Bisphenol A Leaches from Popular Baby Bottles

Two recent reports have found that six major brands of popular baby bottles leach bisphenol A, a hormone-disrupting chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic. Bisphenol-A is used to make numerous plastic products soft and flexible and also in the linings of metal food cans. It is a developmental, neural, and reproductive toxicant that mimics estrogen and can interfere with healthy growth and body function.

The brands of baby bottles tested included products made by Evenflo, Gerber, Dr. Brown’s and Playtex and were purchased at major retailers such as Babies R Us, Target, Walgreens, and Walmart. Laboratory testing showed that 5-8 ng/ml (parts per billion) of bisphenol A leached from all the bottles when heated to 80 degrees C (176 degrees F.). Scientific studies have shown that bisphenol A levels as low as parts per trillion may alter cell function. Heating bottles, pouring hot liquids into them, or using them to give babies acidic or basic beverages have all been shown to increase the rate of bisphenol A leaching from bottles. The use of bisphenol A in the manufacture of baby bottles should be phased out immediately.


Baby’s Toxic Bottle: Bisphenol A Leaching from Popular Brands of Baby Bottles. The Work Group for Safe Markets. www.babystoxicbottle org. 2008.

Gibson, R.L. Toxic Baby Bottles: Scientific study finds leaching chemicals in clear plastic baby bottles. Environment California Research & Policy Center. 2007.

Omega-3 fatty acids vs. statin drugs in reducing mortality risk

A recent meta-analysis (involving almost 100 clinical trials and more than 250,000 individuals) reviewed mortality risk reduction from both statin drugs and omega-3 fatty acids. The results were impressive: statins reduced overall mortality risk by 13%, while omega-3 fatty acids reduced it by a dramatic 23%.
A review published in the April 11, 2005 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine analyzed the effects of various lipid-lowering regimens on overall mortality and mortality from coronary heart disease. Researchers reviewed 97 clinical trials that included 137,140 men and women receiving treatment and 138,976 control subjects. This analysis compared the mortality risk associated with diet, lipid-lowering drugs, omega-3 fatty acids (commonly found in fish oils), and niacin. Statins (a class of lipid-lowering drugs) and omega-3 fatty acids significantly lowered both overall and coronary heart disease mortality risk during the trial periods. When compared to controls, overall mortality risk was reduced 13 percent by statin drugs and 23 percent by omega-3 fatty acids. When the risk of mortality from heart disease alone was examined, the use of statin drugs and omega-3 fatty acids were found to lower the risk by 22 and 32 percent, respectively. Since omega-3 fatty acids did not reduce cholesterol levels significantly, researchers suggest that protection against heart arrhythmias, in addition to known anti-inflammatory properties, may be responsible for the reduction in mortality risk. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Apr 11;165(7):725-30

Long-term magnesium intake reduces the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease among men

About 10-15 percent of the U.S. population (20 million people) have gallstones, and 1 million new cases are diagnosed yearly, according to the US National Institutes of Health. New research indicates that higher magnesium intake may decrease the risk of gallstone disease.
Magnesium deficiency has been associated with alterations in blood lipids (cholesterol) and insulin hypersecretion, which can lead to formation of gallstones. In addition, gallstone disease is an important risk factor for gallbladder cancer. A recent study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology analyzed the effect of long-term consumption of magnesium on the risk of gallstone disease. Researchers studied magnesium consumption and risk of gallstone disease in a group of 42,705 U.S. men from 1986 to 2002. Magnesium intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and newly diagnosed gallstone disease was determined twice a year. During 13 years of follow-up, 2,195 cases of gallstones were documented. The average intake of magnesium was calculated to 352.8 milligrams per day for the study population. Men with the highest average levels of magnesium intake (454 mg/d) were 28 per cent less likely to develop gallstones, compared to men with the lowest average intake (262 mg/d). It is not yet known whether higher magnesium intake protects against initial formation of gallbladder stones, or whether it simply decreases the likelihood of the already existing gallstones becoming symptomatic. However, since surveys show that most adults do not meet the RDA for magnesium (320 mg per day for women and 420 mg per day for men), improving the diet and supplementing magnesium may prove to be an effective means of reducing the progression of gallstone disease.
Am J Gastroenterol 2008 Feb;103(2):375-82.

When "recent studies" contradict conventional wisdom

A recent study has generated negative headlines worldwide and caused consumers to question the efficacy and safety of antioxidant supplements. Many health professionals and nutrition experts have been highly critical of this study, and they have been quick to respond with refuting analyses and firm rebuttals.
Earlier this month, an updated meta-analysis was published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews entitled Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Almost immediately, scores of headlines and articles appeared stating that antioxidant vitamins were not only useless, but that they also shorten life span. The Cochrane study is not new research. Rather, it is a slightly adjusted version of a meta-analysis published in 2007 in the Journal of the American Medical Association. That JAMA study received very stern criticism at the time of its publishing for many of its methods and conclusions, and this newer version of the study hasn't been any better received. But unfortunately, with the onslaught of sensationalist headlines and scare tactics it is often difficult for the average person to know what to believe, and even harder to know how to defend those beliefs. To make matters worse, health professionals and physicians are often just as susceptible to these scare tactics, and many seldom get past the headlines, making it even more difficult to discuss nutrition, diet, and preventive health in a reasonable manner. What follows are links to analyses and rebuttals of the most recent Cochrane study. A greater understanding of this and similar studies should assist you in future discussions with your contacts and health professionals. Council For Responsible Nutrition (CRN) comments and analysis. http://www.crnusa.org/CRNPR_08_AntioxidantStudy041608.html http://www.crnusa.org/pdfs/CRN_Analysis_AntioxidantStudy_041608.pdf Stephen Daniells, PhD, the science editor for NutraIngredients.com and FoodNavigator.com. Dr. Daniells received a PhD in chemistry from Queen's University of Belfast. http://www.foodnavigator.com/news/ng.asp?n=84792-meta-analysis-antioxidants-randomised-clinical-trials

Review of omega-3 fatty acids and heart disease risk

A recent issue of Mayo Clinic Proceedings summarizes the latest findings on omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular health, and advocates supplementation for the groups most likely to benefit.
Large trials of over 32,000 participants using fish oil supplements have shown reductions in cardiovascular events (heart attacks, stroke) of 19% to 45%. Researchers recommend consumption of EPA and DHA at 1 gram/day for those with known coronary artery disease and at least 500 mg/day for those without disease. The recommendation is increased to 3 to 4 grams/day for those with high triglycerides, a dosage shown to lower triglycerides by as much as 20% to 50%. Since 2 meals of oily fish per week generally provide only 400 to 500 mg/day of DHA and EPA, people with high triglycerides and heart disease are strongly encouraged to use fish oil supplements to reach beneficial levels. Researchers also state that the combination of omega-3 supplements and statin drugs provides significantly enhanced benefit over statin use alone in improving blood lipid levels. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(3):324-332

Effect of low-glycemic cereals on glucose response at subsequent meals

High-glycemic diets and their impact on blood glucose levels are increasingly associated with a heightened risk of obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. New research has shown that eating a low-glycemic breakfast comprised of certain whole grains can help moderate blood glucose responses for the rest of the day.
Researchers recently studied the extent to which high blood sugar levels and after-meal blood sugar increases are adjusted by the characteristics of cereal foods, including their glycemic index (GI) and content of indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber). Twelve healthy subjects consumed two different test meals. In series 1, the test meals were consumed at breakfast, and after-meal blood glucose levels were calculated after a test breakfast, standardized lunch, and standardized dinner. In series 2, the subjects consumed test evening meals, and blood sugar levels were calculated after a standardized breakfast the following morning. Breakfasts comprised of low-glycemic grains (such as barley or rye kernel) lowered blood glucose response levels at breakfast, at the following lunch, and cumulatively throughout the day (breakfast + lunch + dinner) when compared with white-wheat bread. An evening meal of low-glycemic grains resulted in lower blood-glucose responses at the following morning's breakfast (again, when compared with white-wheat bread). The study concluded that glucose tolerance and sensitivity at subsequent meals can be improved during the course of an entire day - or even overnight - by choosing specific low-glycemic, whole-grain cereal products.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 87, No. 3, 645-654, March 2008

Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women

Nutritional factors play a key role in normal functioning of the skin, the body's largest organ. However, little is known about the effects of diet on skin-aging appearance. Recent research indicates that higher intakes of vitamin C and linoleic acid and lower intakes of fats and carbohydrates are associated with better skin-aging appearance.
Using data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I), scientists examined associations between nutrient intakes and skin aging in 4,025 women between the ages of 40 and 74 years. Clinical examinations of the skin were conducted by dermatologists. Skin-aging appearance was defined as having a wrinkled appearance, dryness associated with aging (senile dryness), and skin atrophy (shriveling or shrinking). Higher vitamin C intakes were associated with a lower likelihood of a wrinkled appearance. Higher linoleic acid (an omega-6 essential fatty acid) intakes were associated with a lower likelihood of senile dryness and skin atrophy. A higher than average fat and carbohydrate intake also increased the likelihood of a wrinkled appearance and skin atrophy. These associations were independent of age, race, education, sunlight exposure, income, menopausal status, body mass index, supplement use, physical activity, and energy intake. Elevated intakes of vitamin C and linoleic acid and reduced intakes of fats and carbohydrates are associated with better skin-aging appearance. Promoting healthy dietary behaviors may have added benefit for the appearance of skin in addition to other beneficial health outcomes in the population. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol. 86, No. 4, 1225-1231, October 2007

Long-term magnesium intake reduces the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease among men

About 10-15 percent of the U.S. population (20 million people) have gallstones, and 1 million new cases are diagnosed yearly, according to the US National Institutes of Health. New research indicates that higher magnesium intake may decrease the risk of gallstone disease. Magnesium deficiency has been associated with alterations in blood lipids (cholesterol) and insulin hypersecretion, which can lead to formation of gallstones. In addition, gallstone disease is an important risk factor for gallbladder cancer. A recent study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology analyzed the effect of long-term consumption of magnesium on the risk of gallstone disease. Researchers studied magnesium consumption and risk of gallstone disease in a group of 42,705 U.S. men from 1986 to 2002. Magnesium intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and newly diagnosed gallstone disease was determined twice a year.
During 13 years of follow-up, 2,195 cases of gallstones were documented. The average intake of magnesium was calculated to 352.8 milligrams per day for the study population. Men with the highest average levels of magnesium intake (454 mg/d) were 28 per cent less likely to develop gallstones, compared to men with the lowest average intake (262 mg/d). It is not yet known whether higher magnesium intake protects against initial formation of gallbladder stones, or whether it simply decreases the likelihood of the already existing gallstones becoming symptomatic. However, since surveys show that most adults do not meet the RDA for magnesium (320 mg per day for women and 420 mg per day for men), improving the diet and supplementing magnesium may prove to be an effective means of reducing the progression of gallstone disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2008 Feb;103(2):375-82.

USANA Receives Certification Through NSF's Certified for Sport Program

SALT LAKE CITY--(BUSINESS WIRE)--March 31, 2008--USANA Health Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ: USNA) recently received certification of six of its products through NSF International's Certified for Sport(TM) program. NSF's independent certification helps athletes make educated decisions about the safety of the dietary supplements they choose to take.

USANA's Essentials™ (Mega Antioxidant and Chelated Mineral), Proflavanol® 90, Procosa® II, Active Calcium™ and Body Rox™ supplements are now approved to carry NSF's trusted Certified for Sport™ Mark. USANA also received Good Manufacturing Practices registration and dietary supplement certification in 2007 through NSF. These are just some of the third-party findings that help consumers and athletes know USANA products are Nutritionals You Can Trust."

The Certified for Sport program validates USANA's guarantee that our nutritional products are complete, balanced, safe and effective," said Dr. Tim Wood, USANA Executive Vice President of Research and Development. "This latest certification, as with all of our third-party testing, is based on regular product formulas—the same products that USANA customers take every day. Receiving this certification is just another step toward fulfilling our goal of providing supplements that everyday consumers and world-class athletes can trust."

The NSF Certified for Sport program was developed to meet the growing demand of athletes, coaches and all others concerned about banned substances. The NSF Certified for Sport Mark helps consumers know that products have met NSF's stringent independent certification guidelines. Products are tested and facilities are inspected for a wide range of substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency, the NFL/NFLPA and MLB/MLBPA. The list includes stimulants, narcotics, steroids, diuretics, beta-2 agonists, beta blockers, masking agents and other banned substances.

High-quality formulas, a rigorous quality assurance program and third-party certifications have helped USANA earn the trust of many world-class athletes and athletic organizations, including United States Speedskating, Speed Skating Canada, USA Luge and the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour. "It is imperative for our athletes to know precisely what they're putting into their bodies," said Stacey Allaster, President of the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour. "With USANA's guaranteed assurance of the quality of their products, our athletes can trust that they will be able to attain optimal health and fitness without the fear of violating the strict WADA code they all adhere to."

USANA has taken its assurances to athletes one step further through its unique Athlete Guarantee Program. Select athletes who participate in the program are guaranteed compensation up to $1 million if they should test positive for a substance banned by WADA as a result of taking USANA® nutritional products.

About NSF

NSF International, an independent, not-for-profit organization, helps protect you by certifying products and writing standards for food, water, air and consumer goods (www.nsf.org). Founded in 1944, NSF is committed to protecting public health and safety worldwide. NSF is a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Food and Water Safety and Indoor Environment. Additional services include safety audits for the food and water industries, management systems registrations delivered through NSF International Strategic Registrations, Ltd., organic certification provided by Quality Assurance International and education through the NSF Center for Public Health Education.

About USANA

USANA Health Sciences develops and manufactures high-quality nutritionals, personal care and weight management products that are sold directly Preferred Customers and Associates throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.